Turbocharger Parts and Time Lag
As you have noticed, there is a time lag with turbochargers and this is one of their main problems. This means, when you step on the gas, it takes a few seconds before the turbo begins to speed up and provides the boost to the engine.
Now the question is how to reduce this time lag. One of the ways to solve this problem is by reducing the weight of the turbo's rotating parts. With lighter parts, the turbine and compressor will accelerate quickly to provide boost to the engine earlier.
A smaller turbocharger can also achieve this result. Then, small turbochargers perform better only at lower engine speed and not at higher engine speed. Because, a large amount of exhaust passing through the turbo at higher engine speed will spin the turbo too quickly.
In contrast, larger can provide lots of boost at high engine speeds. But, because of the heaviness of the turbo and the compressor, larger turbochargers face the problem of time lag.
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You can achieve both boost and zero time lag with the help of waste gate. Waste gate is a valve that allows the exhaust to bypass the turbine blades. The advantage with waste gate is that it can sense the boost pressure. Higher pressure is an indicator that the turbine is spinning too quickly, so the waste gate bypasses some of the exhaust around the turbine blades, allowing the blades to slow down.
Another way is by using some super-precise bearings made of advanced materials to handle the speeds and temperatures of the turbocharger, instead of fluid bearings normally used. This will help the turbocharger accelerate more quickly, reducing turbo lag further.
Also, you can avoid using steel turbo blades, which are heavier, and use lighter ceramic turbo blades instead. In brief, by using lighter turbo parts, you can achieve both lots of boost at zero time lag.